Writers like Charles Reich (The Greening of America, 1970) proposed that some new wonderfulness had emerged in the Sixties and people would not only live in harmony with nature but with one another. I specifically remember one passage where he said there would be no more bullying in schools, at which I threw the book across the room. (No, I didn't really do that. I simply stopped taking him seriously.)
Naturally I felt out of step with these utopians, and looking back over these many decades it's evident that my gut was right.
Actually, it wasn't my instincts alone, but a basic truth from the Bible that spoke loud and clear (even though Scripture itself says God speaks in a "still small voice.") As the prophet Jeremiah wrote, "The heart is deceitful above all things."
Even the Greeks understood this, leaving a trail of insights about human nature in the plays of Aeschyles and Sophocles. Likewise we see tragedy re-enacted in the plays of Shakespeare and many others from Ibsen to Tennessee Williams.
So it was refreshing to find confirmation in a number of contemporary writers who spoke clearly to this matters, one of these being Thomas Sowell. In his book A Conflict of Visions (1987) Sowell argues that many enduring ideological divides in politics, law, economics, and social policy stem not primarily from differing interests or surface-level disagreements, but from these two fundamentally opposing "visions" of human nature and the world. These visions are based on presuppositions that serve as a pre-analytical frameworks—intuitive senses of causation, reality, and human potential—that shape how people interpret evidence and prioritize goals, even when they share similar moral ends like justice or equality.
Sowell calls them the constrained vision (sometimes linked to a "tragic" view) and the unconstrained vision (the more utopian or optimistic view). They form a continuum rather than rigid categories, but they consistently cluster beliefs across disparate disciplines and issues. Sowell draws on thinkers like Adam Smith, Edmund Burke, and Friedrich Hayek for the constrained side, and William Godwin, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and others for the unconstrained side.
The book pits these opposing perspectives against one another is four areas: (1) Human Nature and Its Limits
(2) Knowledge, Reason, and Decision-Making
(3) Social Processes, Trade-Offs, and Causation
(4) Implications for Key Concepts (Freedom, Equality, Justice, Power)
When it comes to human nature, it seems self-evident to most of us that we are inherently flawed, self-interested, and limited in morality, reason, and foresight. Selfishness and dangerous impulses are enduring features, not easily eradicated. Social order and progress depend on external constraints (institutions, incentives, traditions) that channel self-interest productively while accepting trade-offs and unintended consequences.
The optimistic view sees human nature is malleable and fundamentally good (or perfectible) when freed from corrupting influences like bad institutions or insufficient enlightenment. With proper reason, education, or leadership, people can transcend narrow self-interest and achieve far higher levels of altruism, rationality, and harmony. Problems often stem from systemic barriers rather than innate human flaws.
This utopian optimism sounds good, but where and when has it ever panned out?
When it comes to knowledge, reason, and decision-making, the constrained view emphasizes accumulated experience, systemic processes (e.g., markets, common law, evolved traditions), and decentralized decision-making. Sowell repeatedly stresses that no individual or elite possesses enough knowledge or virtue to centrally plan complex social outcomes effectively. "Locus of discretion" lies with individuals acting in their own spheres, guided by incentives and feedback rather than articulated grand designs.
The utopian (unconstrained view) trusts articulated reason and the insights of the intellectually or morally advanced. (i.e. The elite.) Experts or surrogates (e.g., enlightened leaders, planners) can discern and impose optimal solutions for society as a whole. Systemic processes are suspect if they produce imperfect results; intentions and rational redesign matter more than historical precedents.
I've been listening to a number of Thomas Sowell videos lately (which prompted me to pull out my books) and in one of them he shares one of the major differences between private businesses and government. When a business makes bad decisions and lose too much money, they fail. It's an expensive learning experience or, if too costly, they go out of business. When government bodies make bad decisions, they didn't lose their own money. It was taxpayer dollars, so there is little personal pain. Thus they are free to double down on bad ideas and lose even more money, which likewise causes little pain.
Here in Minnesota the ongoing trials and convictions taking place in the Feeding Our Future fraud cases illustrate perfectly the conflicting visions at work. The utopians (unconstrained vision) in their belief in the goodness of all people place little oversight on their programs because of their faith in the basic goodness of everyone. I saw this firsthand while painting apartments in South Minneapolis in the early 80s. The only difference between the Feeding Our Future scam ($250+ million*) and things I saw 45 years ago is the scale.
* * *
In the realm of social processes Sowell reminds us that there are always trade-offs. Society improves (or avoids disaster) through evolved processes that create incentives and restraints, producing incremental gains amid inevitable trade-offs.
The utopian focuses on achieving desired results through deliberate solutions. Social ills have identifiable causes that can be rationally addressed and eliminated (or greatly reduced) by reforming institutions or empowering the right actors. Solutions are feasible; trade-offs are less emphasized than the moral imperative to fix injustices directly.
[For example, we can could theoretically eliminate all crime by placing extreme constraints on our freedom. Spielberg's Minority Report shows a future where murder can become obsolete by arresting criminals pre-crime.]
Language plays a role here as well. In communicating key concepts like freedom, equality, justice and power, each side defines the issues differently.
Constrained thinkers often prioritize process characteristics (e.g., rule of law, equal rules, negative freedom from coercion) and accept unequal outcomes as natural.
Unconstrained (utopian) thinkers emphasize outcomes or results (e.g., equality of condition, positive freedom to achieve potential, social justice via redistribution or intervention).
The two visions, for most people, are not fully articulated theories but deep-seated assumptions that resist falsification by evidence alone—people interpret facts through their vision. Liberation from being locked into one vision or the other can happen only when we begin to adopt a humility that makes us willing to re-evaluates our core beliefs.
In his book Sowell stresses that the conflict is not merely left vs. right (though there are correlations); hybrids and shifts exist, but the underlying tension is ancient and enduring.
https://pioneerproductions.blogspot.com/2016/07/are-you-protopian-utopian-or-dystopian.html
*Source: Dept. of Justice
PostScript
Psychologist/author Karen Horney, in her book Our Inner Conflicts, proposes that human neurosis is directly related to the degree to which our idealized self-image diverges from the reality. When our self-image corresponds with who we really are, that is, when have realistic self-awareness, we are healthier and whole. I would suggest that this applies to societies as well. When our leaders are honest and realistic, our laws and governance will be healthier and more fruitful than when our leaders persist in ignoring reality to embrace dreams of a future La-La Land.
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