Showing posts with label Bangladesh. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Bangladesh. Show all posts

Friday, July 24, 2026

Bhasha Andolon: The Bengali Language Movement of 1952


Most of us, if we've been around a while, have received (or at least seen) one of those birthday cards that highlight the various events of your birth year. I don't know if they do this in other countries, but in our country (USA) they have historical events from sports, science, pop culture--music, theater, movies, televsion--general trivia, and an assortment of other noteworthy achievements. It always ends with the most important event: you were born that year.

Somewhere amongst my packrat-clutter of papers and notebooks is a pile of birthday and thank you cards. (Yes, I'm sentimental about these things.) And among these is a "The Year You Were Born" card. 

Events from my birth year included the election of Dwight D. Eisenhower as president, the successful first test of the hydrogen bomb, the Great Smog of London that killed thousands, and the debut of NBC's Today Show. The #1 movie was The Greatest Show on Earth. And, to no one's surprise, the New York Yankees won the World Series.

All this to say that I'm guessing (and I'm willing to be proven wrong) that the Bengali Language Movement in East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh) was not mentioned on the list of events of my birthday year.

For this reason it seems like an interesting bit of trivia to most of us that was actually of no small consequence for one of the most populated nations in the world.

The Bengali Language Movement centered on protests in Dhaka, where demonstrators were killed while demanding recognition of Bengali as a state language alongside Urdu.

After the 1947 partition of British India, Pakistan consisted of two geographically separated wings: West Pakistan (where Urdu was dominant among the ruling elite) and East Pakistan (where the vast majority spoke Bengali). The central government, based in the west, moved to make Urdu the sole official state language. This was seen in the east as a threat to Bengali linguistic, cultural, and educational rights, as well as to fair access to government jobs and education.

Protests and political organizing against the policy began in 1948 (including early student and political opposition, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s public insistence on Urdu). Tensions escalated in early 1952. On 21 February 1952, students and others in Dhaka defied Section 144 restrictions and marched toward the provincial assembly building. Police opened fire on the demonstrators near the present-day Dhaka University area and elsewhere. Several people were killed; among the widely commemorated “language martyrs” are Abul Barkat, Abdul Jabbar, Rafiq Uddin Ahmed, Abdus Salam, and Shafiur Rahman (with additional deaths reported in related clashes).

Shootings like this have a sobering effect on the masses, consolidating resolve. (I think here of the Kent State shooting, which amplified student protests against the Vietnam War, and the Tiananmen Square massacre of 1989.)  

The Dhaka shootings triggered broader strikes, processions, and mourning. The movement ultimately forced the government to concede ground: Bengali was eventually recognized as a state language of Pakistan (formally in the 1956 constitution). The events became a foundational moment in East Pakistani political consciousness and later contributed to the broader autonomy movement that culminated in Bangladesh’s independence in 1971

February 21 is observed in Bangladesh as Language Movement Day / Martyrs’ Day (Shaheed Dibosh). In 1999, UNESCO proclaimed it International Mother Language Day in recognition of the sacrifices made to defend linguistic rights. Monuments such as the Shaheed Minar in Dhaka commemorate those killed.

These events are documented in contemporary accounts, Pakistani and Bangladeshi historical records, and later scholarly work on the Language Movement. The core facts—the demand for Bengali’s official status, the 21 February 1952 police firing in Dhaka, and the deaths of protesters—are not in serious dispute. People put their lives on the line to preserve their language.

If this event hadn't happened, it's quite likely that my interview with Leo Tolstoy might never have been translated into Bengali.

Photo: Bengali Language Movement protesters in Dhaka, 1952. Public domain.

Friday, June 26, 2026

Whispers of Grief and Independence: Nahar Trina on Toni Morrison, Flash Fiction, and Rooted Displacement

This is a Part 2 of my interview with Nahar Trina

On Toni Morrison's Sula
EN: You translated Toni Morrison’s novel Sula into Bengali. What drew you to this particular book, and what challenges did you face in carrying Morrison’s rich, poetic language, cultural nuances, and emotional depth from English into Bengali? How did the process of translating her work influence your own writing, especially in terms of voice, rhythm, or exploring themes like friendship, grief, and Black womanhood? 

Nahar Trina: Before translating Toni Morrison’s Sula, I was a devoted reader of her work, and I still am. By the time I began translating Sula , I had already published four translated books. Among them were two collections of children's stories featuring tales from home and abroad, and a translation of a short story collection for adults comprising works by some of the most celebrated authors in world literature. Another significant project was translating ‘Death to Life, Bangladesh’, a book by Jim McKinley based on the 1971 Liberation War of my motherland. The modest confidence I gained from translating these diverse books largely gave me the audacity to take on this particular novel by Toni Morrison.

 

Truth be told, I encountered obstacles at almost every turn while translating Sula. It is a reality that proficiency in the English language alone does not guarantee a successful literary translation. This is because language is intrinsically bound to culture. While it might be possible to break down linguistic barriers, scaling cultural walls often proves to be far more daunting. Added to this was Morrison's highly distinctive and peculiar prose style.

 

In any translation, I generally strive to prioritize the contextual essence first and then focus on the literal words. I strictly adhered to this approach for this novel as well. To readers of world literature, Toni Morrison is a deeply revered figure. She possesses a narrative style entirely her own—one that is simultaneously intricate and mesmerizing. The more adept a translator is at dissecting the spellbinding nature of Morrison's language, the more lucid the core narrative becomes in translation. Personally, I believe attempting to translate her work is an act of sheer audacity, as her writing demands immense effort. When dealing with such challenging texts, a piece of advice from Gabriel García Márquez serves as a brilliant strategy: he noted that the easiest way to truly understand a foreign book is to translate it. My desire to comprehend Morrison's writing on a deeper level, combined with my growing fascination with her work, encouraged me to display this audacity. Furthermore, I felt that introducing the readers of my native language to the creation of such a rare and monumental literary figure would be immensely enriching. This thought also fueled my courage to translate Sula.

 

Moreover, as a translator, I felt that Sula had the power to create a profound impact on Bengali readers in various ways. Although published around 1973, its appeal remains  timeless —especially for women in a society like ours, where women are still compelled to live within patriarchal structures. Here, a woman's personal freedom is often subjected to ridicule, and speaking of sexual autonomy is considered almost sacrilegious. Among the four central women in Sula, except for Nel Wright, the other three were remarkably advanced in terms of personal independence—especially Sula herself. The way Sula voiced her longing to live as an independent entity in such a hostile, prejudice-ridden era decades ago makes her journey even more deserving of recognition today. Through Sula, perhaps the seeds can be sown for readers to aspire to—not lawlessness—but a truthful, independent existence. This vision heavily influenced my decision to translate the book.

 

Another compelling reason was the novel's depiction of good versus evil. The tension between these two elements revolves around the core narrative. Yet, there is no overt attempt to explicitly label what is good or what is bad. None of the major characters bother to justify their actions or engage in rigorous self-defense. Their lives simply unfold like flowing water or the passage of time. Morrison leaves the judgment of good and evil, sin and virtue, entirely to the readers. Furthermore, it is impossible not to fall in love with the profound friendship between two individuals evolving from girlhood to womanhood that lies at the very heart of the book. The temptation to share my own profound admiration for this work with Bengali-speaking readers played a definitive role in translating Sula. Ultimately, as to how much her work has influenced me as an author, I believe that is for my readers to judge.

 

Your English-Language Debut

EN: Your recent English-language debut, Fleeting Impressions, is a collection of flash fiction exploring grief, belonging, and the quiet power of language. What inspired you to move into flash fiction for this book, and how does it connect to or differ from the stories in your Bengali collections like Studio Apartment (which won the Ekushey Book Fair award)?

 

Nahar Trina: The biggest inspiration behind writing the flash fiction pieces in Fleeting Impressions was the desire to capture the profound depth hidden within transient, momentary emotions. In this genre, the unwritten rule of “show, don't tell” deeply attracts me. This form allows the narrative of an entire lifetime to be distilled into just a few lines. A fleeting image, a sudden silence, or an unfinished sentence—each becomes as powerful as a full-length story. Due to displacement and geographical relocation, the fragmentation that seeps into life, the sudden stirrings of memory, or the soft shadows of grief—these emotions often materialize more vividly through brief, sharp, and silent prose rather than lengthy descriptions. Flash fiction has taught me to harness the power of that silence. This minimalist form has instilled a sense of discipline in me; here, the weight of every single word and the quietness of every pause matters. It feels like a distillation of emotions through language.

 

There is both a bridge and a distinction between this work and my Bengali stories. The stories in ‘Studio Apartment’, which was selected as the best short story collection in the Pencil Publications Talent Hunt Competition at the Ekushey Book Fair in 2020, are comparatively longer, character-driven, and allowed me the time to carefully craft the atmosphere. (On a side note regarding my other works, the children's story collection ‘Vindeshi Goppo’ (2023) was published after winning an award in the Ekushey Book Fair manuscript competition, and my first prose book, ‘GoddoCollage’ (2026), was published after being selected in a manuscript competition organized by Kitab-e Publications of West Bengal, India). In my Bengali books, I could seamlessly utilize the intimacy and comfort that our mother tongue naturally provides.

 

On the other hand, since English is an acquired language for me—a process that is still very much ongoing—writing in it requires a high degree of conscious effort and caution, which is never the case with Bengali. Spontaneity possesses a unique strength of its own, which is quite evident in my Bengali stories, and I am consistently striving to bring that same fluidity into my English writing. I hope readers will notice that very effort to find a rhythm within the English language in Fleeting Impressions.

Yet, a deep thread connects both books—they both attempt to explore the quiet, internal landscapes of human beings. Grief, loneliness, the tug-of-war of memories, and the experience of changing homes—all of these themes return in both languages, albeit in different forms. Alongside presenting narratives in elaborate detail, flash fiction has taught me that not all stories need to be spoken aloud; many stories can be whispered. And sometimes, it is within those whispers that the truest emotions are captured.

 

On Legacy, Bridges, and the Future

EN: Looking at your journey—from editing Golpopath to publishing in both Bengal and international platforms—what do you hope your body of work contributes to Bengali literature and to the broader South Asian diasporic conversation? What are you working on or dreaming about next?

 

Nahar Trina: My journey from editing to my own creative writing—has been a continuous process of learning and exploration. My involvement in the Bengali literary world is not just as an author; for a long time, I served as both an editor and a writer for three literary webzines: Porua, Shishukagoj, and Golpopath, (though the publications for Porua and Shishukagoj have now ceased). This experience taught me that editing is not merely about selecting texts or proofreading spellings; it is about carefully nurturing a writer's voice, clarifying their vision, and building a bridge of dialogue with the reader.

 

Conversely, my role in the English medium is different—there, I am primarily an author. When writing in English, I find that the language provides a certain necessary distance, opening up opportunities for analysis, structure, and connection with a global audience. Furthermore, working in English allows me to regularly learn from international editors. They evaluate a piece of writing based strictly on its literary merit rather than personal acquaintance, which I find immensely inspiring. When an article or story requires edits prior to publication, the warmth, sincerity, and professionalism they display not only help me grow but also leave me deeply impressed. The experience in the Bengali literary circle is often quite different, where a writer’s familiarity or personal network sometimes takes precedence over the actual quality of the text. This occasionally confronts me with ethical questions as a writer. Nevertheless, both contrasting environments have taught me invaluable lessons and have positively shaped my literary journey.

 

Flag of Bangladesh
When it comes to the broader discourse of Bengali literature and the South Asian diaspora, there are countless talented Bengali writers making significant contributions. I do not know how far my own voice will resonate in that grand space. However, as an author, my only desire is that whatever I write should serve as a harmonious bridge between these two worlds. I want the memories, the soil, the complex relationships, and the lived experiences of Bangladesh to reach global readers; at the same time, I wish for the isolation, the wordlessness, and the identity crises of diasporic life to be translated back to Bengali-speaking audiences. For me, the dialogue between these two realities is paramount.

 

Currently, I am working on a few short stories, translations, and long-form essays where the boundaries of language, memory, and identity blur into one another. My dream is to create a body of work in both Bengali and English that offers readers not just a narrative, but an immersive experience—where roots and displacement, home and exile, memory and the present moment coexist. Additionally, one of my primary goals next is to translate my debut Bengali novel, which is set against a historical backdrop, into English. There are still so many stories waiting to be penned; writing is an endless, continuous journey. My only wish is to remain on this path as long as it brings me joy.


EN: May it ever be so. Thank you, Nahar, for sharing your story.

 


Read Nahar Trina's A Shoreless Abyss.

Thursday, June 25, 2026

An Interview with Nahar Trina on Roots, Migration, and the Writer’s Soul--Part 1

You might say I "discovered" Nahar Trina quite by accident. One morning I received an email asking for permission to translate my Imaginary Interview with Leo Tolstory into Bengali, the language of Bangladesh. I said yes, of course. It's one more example of how interconnected the global community has become in this technological era of wonders. 

In her email signature she included three links, the first leading to books on Goodreads and the second to a Bengali collection of stories intriguingly titled Whispers of Fireflies. The third link carried me to Galpopath.com, the Bengali publication where my fictional Tolstoy interview now resides. 

Interested in learning more, I Googled and found her painfully beautiful story A Shoreless Abyss, which left me breathless.

Nahar Trina is a bilingual writer, literary translator, and book artist whose work bridges Bengali and English, memory and migration. Born in Bangladesh and now based in the U.S., she has authored seven books in Bengali and recently published her English-language debut, Fleeting Impressions, a flash fiction collection exploring grief, belonging, and the quiet power of language. Her work has appeared in both print and digital platforms, including international literary magazines.  

On Beginnings and Early Influences

EN: Born in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, and starting your writing journey around 2008 through community blogs and forums, what initially drew you to writing? Were there particular books, writers, or life experiences in Bangladesh that shaped your voice early on?

 

Nahar Trina: The chapter of my writing that began on community blogs and forums actually traces its roots back to my childhood and school days. Along with writing for school wall magazines and annual periodicals, I regularly participated in yearly essay competitions. My initiation into the world of writing was fueled by the immense encouragement of my parents and my elder sister. My family always inspired us to pursue extracurricular activities alongside our school studies. Among my siblings, some excelled in dance, some in music, and others in recitation. While dance and music were not my cup of tea, I did a lot of poetry recitation during my school years, and I wasn't too bad at it. The rewards for these achievements came in the form of books. Moreover, as we excelled academically, a steady stream of books entered our house as prizes. My siblings and I received so many books that we had a dedicated bookshelf just for them.

 

My parents played a monumental role in fostering this love for reading. My father, in particular, had an extraordinary passion for books. He spent a significant amount of time in Europe for his teaching profession. When returning to Bangladesh, instead of bringing back materialistic luxuries, he would bring heaps of rare books. I share a very fond memory from my childhood: when my father returned home after completing his PhD, two trucks loaded with goods arrived in front of our house a few days later. Many curious neighbors gathered at our doorstep to see what my father had brought in such massive quantities. To their utter amazement, what unloaded from the trucks were mountains of books! And it wasn’t just literature on hydrology, the subject of his research; there were rare gems of world literature.

 

Our most valuable asset was a house filled with books. Thinking about the authors of those books filled me with a sense of profound wonder. It struck me how books could be infinitely more valuable than any luxury item, and I used to think that the people who wrote them must belong to some ethereal, mystical world. Perhaps it was the magnetic pull of that very world that eventually drew me into the realm of writing. Thus, it wasn’t a single event, a specific book, or a lone author that shaped me; rather, it was the entire familial environment, the abundance of books, and countless authors who subtly influenced me behind the scenes. And when it comes to my emergence as a writer and the publication of my books, the person whose encouragement has been the greatest is my brother, Dr. Moniruzzaman.

 

On Migration and Diasporic Experience

EN: You’ve lived between Bangladesh and the United States. What are the primary themes that run through your work? How has your own experience of moving to the U.S. and building a life in Illinois changed or deepened your writing?

 

Nahar Trina: The deeper a tree's roots penetrate the soil, the stronger its bond with the earth becomes. Human beings are much like trees; the land where one is born, and where childhood and adolescence unfold, establishes a profound connection with the soul. I moved to the United States in my youth, having already spent a significant portion of my formative years in Bangladesh. Had I come here as a young child, perhaps the homeland I left behind would not constantly envelop me the way it does now. In my thoughts, my birthplace naturally surfaces, with or without reason, and its imprint is inevitably left upon my writing. This is an invisible pull of a thread that seems to reside, more or less, within almost all diaspora writers. If I may be so bold—as they are revered literary figures, and mentioning them as an obscure, emerging writer might seem audacious—I would like to look at Kazuo Ishiguro, Salman Rushdie, or Jhumpa Lahiri. They are all diasporic writers, even though their specific experiences and positions differ. Yet, if you notice, their native lands frequently peek through their work. The execution may vary, but the signs of cultural duality are clear. No matter where we settle after moving away from our roots, that primal pull remains, whether loudly or in whispers. My own writing bears that distinct mark.

 

That being said, it is not as though living in the United States has left no impression on my work. It certainly has. If the absolute prerequisites for writing are freedom of expression and peace, the United States offers them to me in full measure. Here, I have the liberty to write candidly whatever I wish to write. In my homeland, that was often not possible. Especially with the kind of writing I do lately, various obstacles, ideological constraints, and taboos might have turned into barriers. Here, I can write without having to worry about those constraints, which creates a peaceful environment—and as everyone knows, 'peace' is a vital component for a writer. This flow of free speech and peace helps me immerse myself in my work. 

 

Back home, even when I could write something in my own way, the chances of seeing it published were often uncertain. Various ideological sensitivities and institutional hesitations sometimes made publication more difficult than writing itself. Here, in the United States, the freedom to write is accompanied by the freedom to publish—and that combination has had a profound impact on my creative life. 

 

At the same time, the experience of living in this country and interacting with the locals teaches me to focus deeply on the subtleties and psychological depth of my writing.

 

On Bilingual Writing and Translation

EN: As a bilingual writer who works in both Bengali and English, and as a literary translator (including your translation of Toni Morrison’s Sula), how do you navigate the two languages? Are there things you can express more easily in Bengali than in English, or vice versa, and what has translation taught you about your own creative process?

 

Nahar Trina: There are many bilingual writers in the world who are immensely successful. My journey as a bilingual writer, however, is relatively recent. Most of my previous writing in English was confined to the pages of my personal diaries. Personally, I like to think that if the Bengali language is my maternal home, English is like my in-laws' home. Both homes are dear to me, and both are essential. Therefore, my movement between Bengali and English is not a conscious effort to maintain a balance; rather, you could call it an attempt to capture the natural rhythm of my current life through my writing.

 

I think, feel, and write in both languages. It is as if the two languages open different doors within me. Bengali offers me the warmth of a mother’s womb, memories, and the raw scent of the soil and its people. On the other hand, English extends its hand as a bridge to close the gap of distance, providing analysis, structure, and sometimes, a necessary detachment. Which emotion flows more easily into which language depends entirely on the very nature of that feeling.

 

There are certain things that feel incomplete if not expressed in Bengali—such as the bond with one's mother and motherland, the village, childhood, deep wounds, and nostalgia. In these realms, Bengali feels much more tangible and visceral to me. Conversely, certain thoughts, especially abstract ideas, philosophical musings, or the subtle layers of complex emotions, sometimes attain a sharper clarity in English. Both languages grant me distinct depths, and I continue my pursuit of writing within these two dimensions.

 

More than anything, translation has taught me humility in my creative process. While translating a novel like Toni Morrison’s ‘Sula’, I realized that language is not merely a collection of words; it is history, the repository of a community's culture and lifestyle, their pain, their shadows, their silence, and occasionally, their resistance. Re-creating a sentence in another language makes you realize that to carry the original author's voice, you must step back and quiet your own voice as a translator. This experience helps me become more cautious, attentive, and restrained in my own original writing. 

Translation has shown me that every language possesses its own inherent ethics, and writing has taught me that standing between two languages means carrying the light of two different worlds simultaneously. Furthermore, when my original writing faces a creative drought, translation serves as a vital exit route, keeping my momentum alive. This is precisely why I rarely have to grapple with the dreaded ‘writer's block.’ 

TO BE CONTINUED

Wednesday, June 17, 2026

When Leo Tolstoy Went to Bangladesh

One of the unexpected pleasures of writing is discovering that words have a life of their own.

You put them on paper (or more likely a computer screen), press "Publish," and they quietly disappear into the digital universe. Most of the time you never know where they go or whose eyeballs will encounter them.  

A few months ago I received an email from Bangladesh.

Nahar Trina, an author, translator and editor of the Bengali literary webzine Golpopath, had stumbled across an old post on Ennyman's Territory: Imaginary Interviews: My Visit with Leo Tolstoy. She asked if she might translate it into Bengali so it could be shared with her readers.

How could I say no?

Her note was gracious:

"I thoroughly enjoyed reading 'Imaginary Interviews: My Visit with Leo Tolstoy' on your blog, Ennyman's Territory. I would love to share this wonderful piece with Bengali readers by translating it into my mother tongue, Bengali."

She explained that Golpopath is a completely non-commercial literary publication with a devoted readership and assured me the translation would be offered simply for the love of literature.

Recently she sent another message. The 98th issue of Golpopath had been published, and somewhere halfway around the world my imaginary conversation with the great Russian novelist had found a new audience—this time in Bengali.

There's something beautifully circular about that journey.

The publication included this photo of our "visit."
A Russian writer, imagined by an American blogger in Minnesota, translated by a Bengali author for readers in Bangladesh.

It's a reminder that stories ignore borders. They travel farther than passports, politics, and maps. They move from one language into another because someone recognizes an idea, a question, or a moment of humanity worth sharing.

For me, it actually takes me back to my very frst published story, "How Important Is Prayer?" After it was published in a paper called Youth, I received letters from three continents thanking me for the insights I shared, and how what I'd written touched their lives. 

When the World Wide Web emerged in the 1990s, I created a website where I shared art and stories on my website. Before long my story Duel of the Poets was translated into Croatian. Other stories were translated into Russian and French. And two stories by my daughter, who was 12 at the time, were published in California and New Zealand.

As writers, we rarely know where our words will end up. Sometimes they stay close to home. Sometimes they wander farther than we ever will. An example of this idea is the heart of my story A Poem About Truth.

I'm grateful to Nahar Trina and the editors of Golpopath for giving my little literary experiment a second life in another language. And I'm reminded once again that the community of readers is much larger than we imagine. 

Somewhere tonight, someone I will never meet may be reading an imaginary interview with Leo Tolstoy—in Bengali. Because words have wings.

I think Leo would smile.

Link to the Bengali version:

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