Why the U.S. Failed in Vietnam: Key Reasons Behind a Costly Conflict

The Vietnam War remains one of the most controversial and analyzed conflicts in U.S. history. In the Sixties it was on the evening news every day and every teen at that time had to think about what they would do if they were called to go serve. Despite the country's military superiority, the United States ultimately failed to achieve its objectives in Vietnam. 

Over the years I've heard many people propose that had John F. Kennedy not been assassinated we would never have gotten mired in that costly, useless war. Seymour Hersh, in his JFK expose The Dark Side of Camelot, shows very clearly that Kennedy was himself a hawk on the war, having mis-read it as Cold War action instead of what it was, an effort to achieve Vietnam's independence from foreign colonial rule. 

Misunderstanding the nature of the conflict was America's chief failure. We believed we were stopping the spread of Communism. U.S. leaders underestimated the importance of Vietnam's quest for national identity. Proponents for the war continuously repeated, as did their media mouthpiece, the Domino Effect theory, insisting that all Southeast Asia would fall to Communism if we failed to stop them here. We failed, and Southeast Asia did not fall.

In addition to this, the U.S.lacked a clear military objective, unlike World War II, where the goals were well-defined (such as the unconditional surrender of Germany and Japan). The U.S. in Vietnam had a more ambiguous mission. Initially, it was to support the South Vietnamese government against communist insurgents, but the lack of a clear exit strategy or concrete end goals made it difficult to measure progress. As a result, the U.S. military found itself trapped in a prolonged war of attrition, with no clear understanding of what "victory" looked like.

The U.S. also severely underestimated the capabilities and resolve of its enemy. (See WWAUA) The Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army (NVA) were highly adaptable, using guerilla tactics that made conventional U.S. military strategies less effective. The terrain in Vietnam, from dense jungles to rural villages, was ideal for guerilla warfare, and the U.S. military struggled to adapt to these conditions. (See: Battle of Dien Bien Phu)

Additionally, the Viet Cong had the support of many South Vietnamese civilians, which made it difficult for American forces to differentiate between combatants and non-combatants. The extensive use of airpower and large-scale bombing campaigns like Operation Rolling Thunder, intended to demoralize the enemy, often had the opposite effect, stiffening the resolve of the Vietnamese. I remember reading somewhere that for every innocent South Vietnamese civilian we killed, we created 10 more Viet Cong soldiers and sympathizers.

While the war raged on in Vietnam, public support for the conflict steadily eroded in the U.S. By the late 1960s, the anti-war movement had gained significant traction, fueled by increasing media coverage of the war’s brutality, the high number of American casualties, and the perception that the government was not being truthful about the war’s progress. The 1968 Tet Offensive, although a military failure for the Viet Cong, was a psychological victory that significantly weakened U.S. public confidence in the war effort. Mounting protests, political pressure, and a divided public eventually forced the U.S. government to de-escalate and seek a way out.

Finally, the U.S. was supporting a weak and corrupt South Vietnamese government that lacked popular support. Successive leaders in South Vietnam were seen by many Vietnamese as out of touch with the needs of the people and overly dependent on U.S. aid and military assistance. This lack of legitimacy made it difficult for the South Vietnamese government to maintain order and effectively combat the Viet Cong insurgency. U.S. efforts to build a stable, democratic government in South Vietnam were constantly undermined by internal divisions, corruption, and the perception of the government as a puppet regime.

Bottom Line: Vietnam became a "tar baby" for each successive administration from Kennedy to Nixon. Like Brer Rabbit, the more the U.S.got involved, the more entangled we became in a war we could not win, ultimately leading to one of the most significant military and political defeats in American history.

Mistakes -- A Handful of Observations

The mistakes of the Iraq war are not only tactical and strategic, but historical. It is essentially a war of colonialism, attempted in the post-colonial age.
Zbigniew Brzezinski
The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer (January 11, 2007)

* * *

The greatest mistake you can make in life is to be continually fearing you will make one.

Elbert Hubbard

* * * 

After it is all over, as stupid a fellow as I am can see that mistakes were made. I notice, however, that my mistakes are never told me until it is too late.

General Robert E Lee

* * * 

The only real mistake is the one from which we learn nothing.

John Powell

* * * 

In general, pride is at the bottom of all great mistakes.

John Ruskin, Modern Painters (1856)

* * * 

Experience is the name everyone gives to their mistakes.

Oscar Wilde, Lad Windemere's Fan

* * *

The physician can bury his mistakes, but the architect can only advise his clients to plant vines.
Frank Lloyd Wright

* * *

To err is human.

* * *

The butler who folds his hands spills no tea.

Ooops!

Last week I read the shocking account of a Maryland mayor whose home was on the receiving end of a SWAT Team assault last summer. While his mother-in-law washed dishes in the kitchen and Berwyn Heights Mayor Cheye Calvo was dressing upstairs to go out to a meeting, the SWAT Team broke into his home, shot his two dogs and left his entire family terrorized.

As I read the account I wondered how many such incidents occur that we never hear about.

We all know mistakes happen. I read a story once about 29 men who assembled in Chicago to celebrate their releases from our nations' prisons... after new DNA procedures proved they were innocent of the crimes which sentenced them to death row. Those are mistakes with serious consequences.

Dylan's song Hurricane comes readily to mind. Here are the last two verses.

Rubin Carter was falsely tried
The crime was murder 'one' guess who testified
Bello and Bradley and they both baldly lied
And the newspapers they all went along for the ride
How can the life of such a man
Be in the palm of some fool's hand?
To see him obviously framed
Couldn't help but make me feel ashamed
to live in a land where justice is a game.

Now all the criminals in their coats and their ties
Are free to drink martinis and watch the sun rise
While Rubin sits like Buddha in a ten-foot cell
An innocent man in a living hell
That's the story of the Hurricane
But it won't be over till they clear his name
And give him back the time he's done
Put him in a prison cell but one time he could-a been
The champion of the world.

What I remember, unfortunately, is reading a William F. Buckley editorial twenty years ago mocking these kinds of rock star awareness-raising songs on behalf of criminals. As if the justice system is always just and never makes a mistake.

Ultimately, Rubin Carter gained his freedom and the truth did out, but it's not always so. And it robbed him of many of the best years of his life. (I recommend the movie.)

By fluke I stumbled on the answer to my question this story raised in the first place. In case you're interested, here is a map assembled by the Cato Institute, a libertarian, non-partisan think tank dedicated to limited government, individual freedom and peaceful international relations. Check out this map of unnecessary violent consequences of botched raids.

Another question comes to mind on the heels of this one. Who pays for the damage once it's done? When they shoot your dogs, or accidentally shoot your breadwinner husband, my guess is that you don't quite get back what you've lost. And saying, "Ooops" just doesn't carry a lot of weight in that equation.