Friday, January 23, 2026

Finding the Thread: Intentionality in a Labyrinthine World

In yesterday's post I wrote about living with intentionality — about choosing direction rather than drifting, purpose rather than habit. That idea sounds simple until you look honestly at the terrain we move through each day. The modern world is less a straight road than a maze, filled with diversions that invite wandering without arrival. Which brings us to labyrinths.

The notion of labyrinths traces back to ancient mythology, but it is found throughout history. In essence, a labyrinth is a maze, a puzzle, a complicated route that leads to—or conceals—something. It is not merely a physical structure but a way of thinking about movement, confusion, discovery, and arrival. 

Many writers have made reference to labyrinths in their work, drawn to the image as both symbol and architecture. Jorge Luis Borges was famously fascinated by the idea of labyrinths, which appear repeatedly in his short stories—not always as stone corridors, but as libraries, mirrors, texts, and even time itself. In Borges, the labyrinth is often infinite, or at least suggestive of infinity, a place where the seeker risks never finding the center.


Umberto Eco’s The Name of the Rose was inspired in part by this fascination. The monastery library at the heart of the novel is a literal labyrinth, but it also functions as an intellectual one: a maze of forbidden knowledge, misdirection, and interpretive traps. What is hidden there is not only a book, but power—and the consequences of seeking it.


From ancient and medieval times to the present, labyrinths have held their appeal, both as real structures to be built and as ideas to be contemplated. The mind itself is often described as a labyrinth, with winding passages, dead ends, and unexpected openings. In literature, numerous characters—from Don Quixote onward—become lost in the labyrinthine worlds of their imaginations, unable to distinguish between what is real and what is desired, what is noble and what is absurd.

 

One of André Gide’s most fascinatng works is his story Theseus, about the Athenian hero who navigates the labyrinth in Crete to slay the half-man, half-bull Minotaur, aided by Ariadne’s thread. Gide’s retelling is elegant and unsettling, less about heroism than about memory, responsibility, and the ambiguity of triumph. It is an entertaining read, with unexpected twists, and it comes with my highest recommendation.

 

My first encounter with the Internet was somewhat akin to the notion of a labyrinth. If one considers each web page a room, from which one must exit to enter another room, it is easy to imagine the World Wide Web as a vast labyrinthine universe. One can wander endlessly, doubling back, following promising passages that lead nowhere, stumbling upon hidden chambers one never intended to find. Time evaporates. Direction becomes optional.
 

It was based on this concept that I created a small labyrinth when I first started building my personal website thirteen years ago. Navigation was not meant to be purely efficient. I wanted visitors to explore, to get slightly lost, to discover things indirectly rather than be delivered straight to a conclusion.

 

And if the Internet is a labyrinth, then where is the Minotaur?

 

Perhaps that question matters more than the answer. In the ancient myth, the Minotaur was the danger at the center, the thing that justified fear and demanded courage—though surprisingly contrary in Gide’s retelling. But modern labyrinths rarely announce their monsters so clearly. Sometimes the threat is distraction rather than death, confusion rather than violence, absorption rather than confrontation. Sometimes the Minotaur is not something we slay, but something that quietly consumes our attention while we wander.

 

And perhaps, like Theseus, what we need most is not a map, but a thread—some principle, intention, or memory that allows us to venture inward without losing our way back out.


In a world designed to keep us wandering, remembering to carry a thread may be the most intentional act of all. Without one, as King Lear warns, “That way madness lies.”


Related
Unraveling the Labyrinth: Literary Connections from Theseus to Borges

Jorge Luis Borges: An Introduction


Thursday, January 22, 2026

Living with Intentionality

Suppose we are interested in learning a new language. My son took an interest in Russian after we had gone to the Spy Museum in Washington one summer. Because of my interest in French literature, I took an interest in learning French. One thing you quickly learn with languages like French or Russian—and I suspect Chinese or Navajo—is that you do not just “pick it up.” One must make a deliberate decision and make a commitment to the task. You decide, Yes, I will take whatever steps are necessary to achieve this goal.


There is vocabulary to acquire, grammar to wrestle with, awkward mistakes to endure, and long stretches where progress feels painfully slow. There are moments when you wonder why you ever started. Fluency comes, if it comes at all, through patience, repetition, correction, and persistence. No shortcut replaces the work.


In its essence, achieving a goal like this requires (a) the decision to do so, (b) finding a mentor who can help us move from square one toward real facility, and (c) following through on each step along the way—even when enthusiasm fades.


Dallas Willard, in his book Renovation of the Heart, uses this process of learning a language as a metaphor for character development. It requires intentionality first. Do we actually want to become better people? Growth of this sort does not “just happen.” Habits, virtues, patience, courage—these are learned disciplines, not accidents.


Life is an ocean. If you are a ship in London and want to reach New York, it will be a very long time before you arrive if you simply drift—if you arrive at all. Currents may carry you somewhere, but not necessarily where you hoped to go. Tragically, many people live precisely this way: reacting, drifting, adapting, but rarely choosing.


Low aims produce small lives. No aim at all produces fragmentation.


Where are you going with your life? What kind of goals do you have for your own personal development—not just professionally, but morally and spiritually? As Ralph D. Winter once said, “Risks are not to be evaluated in terms of the probability of success, but in terms of the value of the goal.”


Some goals are worth pursuing even if they take years, even if they cost us comfort, even if progress is uneven. Character is one of those goals.


Keep pressing on. Purposefully.

Wednesday, January 21, 2026

Bob Weir: The Music Never Stops

In memory of Bob Weir (October 16, 1947 – January 10, 2026)

Bob Weir, rhythm guitarist, vocalist, and enduring spirit of the Grateful Dead, passed away peacefully at 78, surrounded by loved ones. Having courageously overcome cancer in his final months, he succumbed to underlying lung issues, leaving a void in the hearts of Deadheads worldwide.

A founding member alongside Jerry Garcia, Phil Lesh, and others, Bobby brought his distinctive rhythmic drive and cowboy-infused songwriting to the band’s psychedelic explorations. Classics like “Sugar Magnolia,” “Truckin’,” “Cassidy,” and “Playing in the Band” bear his indelible stamp—songs that blended folk, blues, rock, and improvisation into something uniquely American and eternally free.
That's how many of the Bob Weir memoriams this past week probably began. "Here are the facts." My first encounter with a Dead fan was freshman year at Ohio U while I was living at Scott Quad, 1970. A fellow whose name escapes me was a Grateful Dead fan. He also tried to turn me on to Lord of the Rings and Dune. Thus it was that I concluded Dead fans lived in a different spectrum.
* * * * *
For over six decades, Weir took to the road with unwavering dedication. From the Acid Tests of the 1960s to the marathon tours of the Dead, through RatDog, Furthur, Dead & Company, and countless solo endeavors, he kept the music alive, evolving it while honoring its roots. His guitar work—angular, conversational, always in service to the collective groove—became the heartbeat of live improvisation.

Beyond the stage, Weir was a storyteller, activist, and family man, survived by his wife Natascha and daughters Monet and Chloe. Thousands gathered in San Francisco’s Civic Center for his “Homecoming” memorial, where the music played on, reminding us: the song never ends.
Fare thee well, Bobby. Your light still shines in every jam, every sunset riff, every moment we choose to dance in the mystery. The music never stops.

"Be as in touch with your dreams as you can be."--Bob Weir

Photos courtesy Dylan James Stansbury

Tuesday, January 20, 2026

The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930

I first saw the Smoot-Hawley Act referenced in a tweet on X. A couple days later a second columnist referenced it. The next day a Wall Street Journal op-ed cited this tariff action that preceded the Great Depression. What was it and why was it suddenly in the news?

The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930 was a U.S. law that raised tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to historically high levels. Sponsored by Senator Reed Smoot and Representative Willis C. Hawley, it was signed into law by President Herbert Hoover on June 17, 1930. The act aimed to protect American farmers and industries from foreign competition by increasing the cost of imported goods and encouraging domestic production. 


Key features included tariff rates reaching up to 50% on some imports, with an average increase from about 38% to 45% over previous levels. It expanded on the Fordney-McCumber Tariff of 1922, but its scope and severity were unprecedented. The legislation was highly controversial. Over 1,000 economists signed a petition urging Hoover to veto it, warning of retaliatory trade measures and economic harm.


The effects were significant. Many countries, including Canada and European nations, retaliated with their own tariffs, leading to a sharp decline in international trade—U.S. exports and imports dropped by about 67% between 1929 and 1933, which exacerbated the Great Depression as global economic cooperation broke down. While it’s debated how much Smoot-Hawley directly caused the Depression’s severity, it’s widely seen as a policy misstep that worsened an already dire situation.


Throughout most of my adult life I've attributed the longevity of that period of economic austerity to FDR's policies. It would appear that this Tariff Act did not help matters, and very likely contributed to making them worse.


One difference between Smoot-Hawley and today's tariff action is that the latter was enacted by executive order, the former by an act of Congress. 


Politically, it contributed to the Republican Party’s loss in the 1932 elections, paving the way for Franklin D. Roosevelt’s administration, which later shifted toward freer trade policies with the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934. Today, it’s often cited as a cautionary tale about protectionism’s unintended consequences.


Whether addressing local, state or Federal issues, it's not a matter of intentions that we judge our leaders by. Everyone claims their intentions were good. As for how this current action plays out, one would hope that our whimsical tariff war doesn't trigger a decade-long global economic slide. During a portion of that Great Depression there was 25% unemployment and food lines. What happens next in our current scenario is anyone's guess. 


Related Links

FDR's Folly

FDR Related Stuff


Painting at the top of the page by my grandmother, Elizabeth Sandy.

Monday, January 19, 2026

How Well Do You Know Rutherford B. Hayes?

Photo by Matthew Brady
I once memorized the names of all the U.S. presidents, in order, by using a mnemonic device. It seems like at a relatively early age I knew the first seven presidents, but after seven it wasn't until Lincoln through Grant that I had certainty again. From Garfield to Teddy Roosevelt I was in a dead zone, where names floated without roots. I knew that there was a space between Grover Cleveland's two terms, but whom it was eluded me. The twentieth century flowed more easily, the war president Wilson and FDR more anchored in their respective historical events. But the grey zones required more assistance.

Mnemonic devices are memory aids, like a catchy phrase, acronym, rhyme, or image, that helps you remember complex or large amounts of information by creating simple, memorable associations for easier recall. An example might be the phrase "Every Good Boy Deserves Favor" as a means of memorizing the musical notes on the treble clef in written music. (EGBDF)

Another kind of memory device, which I use frequently, is to imagine silly pictures. For example, beginning with Jackson you visualize a man with 7 jacks in his hand (assuming you know what jacks are). The man has medium length hair which suddenly sprouts and grows very long very quickly. This is William Henry Harrison. The man tosses the jacks aside so he can put on his tie. This is John Tyler. Once his tie is tied, he picks up a cane and starts poking a tailor who's sewing a patch on a hole in the knee of his  pants. This is James Polk and Zachary Taylor. Through a window in the background we see a dentist working on someone's teeth. The man in the chair has lots of cavities, so he says, "Fill more!" Which is, of course, Millard Fillmore, our 13th president.

I assume you get the picture.

Rutherford B. Hayes, the 19th President of the United States, served from 1877 to 1881. I became acquainted with him while doing research with a friend for a Wild West novel that takes place during that time period. The Hayes presidency was marked by significant challenges, including the aftermath of the Civil War, Reconstruction, and economic turmoil. Despite facing a contentious election and entering office under disputed circumstances, Hayes pursued policies aimed at healing the nation and promoting reform.

One of the most notable aspects of Hayes's presidency was his commitment to civil service reform. He advocated for merit-based appointments and sought to end the patronage system (a.k.a. spoils system), which had long been a source of corruption in government. The work he did was later signed into law by Chester Arthur as the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act in 1883, laying the groundwork for a professionalized and impartial civil service system.

 

Hayes also made efforts to address the lingering divisions between North and South in the aftermath of the Civil War. He withdrew federal troops from the South, effectively ending Reconstruction and allowing Southern states to regain control over their governments. While this decision was controversial and drew criticism from civil rights advocates, it was seen as a step towards reconciliation and the restoration of self-governance.

 

Economically, Hayes faced challenges stemming from the Panic of 1873, a severe economic depression that gripped the nation. He advocated for fiscal responsibility and sought to restore confidence in the economy through measures such as the resumption of specie payments, as opposed to fiat money, which aimed to return the country to the gold standard. Despite facing resistance from some quarters, Hayes's economic policies helped stabilize the nation's finances and lay the groundwork for future economic growth.

 

Hayes's presidency was also notable for its foreign policy achievements. He also pursued a policy of diplomatic engagement and sought to expand American influence abroad. Hayes successfully negotiated the end of the Virginius Affair, a diplomatic crisis with Spain, and secured concessions from China through the Burlingame Treaty.

 

In summary, Rutherford B. Hayes's presidency was characterized by efforts to promote reform, reconciliation, and economic stability. While facing numerous challenges, Hayes pursued policies aimed at uniting the nation and advancing its interests both at home and abroad. Despite his unusual first name (How many Rutherford's do you know?), his legacy as a principled leader and reformer endures in American history.

Saturday, January 17, 2026

When Assassination Becomes Strategy: What Rise and Kill First Reveals

While doing research on another project I came across a reference to Ronen Bergman's Rise and Kill First: The Secret History of Israel’s Targeted Assassinations. (The English translation was published in 2018.) The book is purportedly a deeply researched and disturbing nonfiction history of Israel’s targeted assassinations programs carried out by its intelligence and security services (including Mossad, Shin Bet, and the IDF). Bergman draws on hundreds of interviews and thousands of previously classified documents to trace the evolution of targeted killing as a state policy from before Israel’s founding through the modern era.

The title comes from a Talmudic idea: “If someone comes to kill you, rise up and kill him first.” The book explores the ethical, political, and operational dimensions of targeted killings — from early Zionist underground groups to modern high-technology efforts against adversaries across the Middle East.


EdNote: This view stands in stark contrast to the Christian beliefs expressed by Tolstoy (most notably in The Forged Coupon) and the pacifism of George Fox and the Quakers.


The book was a New York Times bestseller and won awards for history writing, noted for its depth and narrative power.


Rise and Kill First argues that assassination became embedded in Israeli strategy because of the country’s sense of permanent existential threat. Bergman shows how targeted killings were used to disrupt militant networks, deter enemies, and compensate for Israel’s small size and lack of strategic depth. At the same time, he explores the moral, legal, and psychological costs of this approach, including blowback, cycles of retaliation, operational failures, and the toll on those ordered to carry out killings.


Rather than offering a simple defense or condemnation, Bergman presents assassination as a grim, recurring choice—sometimes tactically effective, sometimes disastrous, always ethically fraught. The result is a complex portrait of a state that has repeatedly chosen preemptive violence while struggling with the consequences of making killing routine policy.


One of the claims in Bergman's book is that “during the presidency of George W. Bush, the United States of America carried out 48 targeted killing operations, according to one estimate, and under President Barack Obama there were 353 such attacks.” These numbers were presented as an estimate, but when I sought a confirmation of these alleged facts I found that these numbers refer specifically to targeted killing operations (primarily drone strikes or other precision strikes against individuals), focused on covert/counterterrorism actions outside declared war zones like Afghanistan/Iraq battlefields (e.g., in Pakistan, Yemen, Somalia). They are not totals for all U.S. airstrikes or combat deaths.


Sources have slight variations in exact numbers, but confirm the numbers in proximity to what Bergman has stated.


The Bureau of Investigative Journalism (a key open-source monitor) reported ~57 strikes under Bush (mostly in Pakistan, Yemen, Somalia) vs. ~563 under Obama in those same areas—showing a roughly 10x increase, consistent with the book's emphasis on escalation. A New York Times review of the book cited at least 47 under Bush and 542 under Obama for Pakistan/Yemen/Somalia campaigns, very near Bergman's 48/353 figures (possibly excluding some categories or using different cutoffs). Other sources (e.g., Council on Foreign Relations) report 542 Obama-era strikes, with estimates of thousands killed (including civilians).


As Bob Dylan states in his song "Union Sundown" (Infidels, 1983), "This world is ruled by violence; but I guess that's better left unsaid." Is it a cynical view or a realistic one, that true power lies in force, not ideals like democracy. Dylan frequently highlights  harsh truths behind political facades, contrasting democratic ideals with the brutal mechanics of control, especially in the context of labor and global economics. 


If you find all these things disturbing, you're not alone.


Related
Hegemony and the Tragedy of Great Power Politics

Friday, January 16, 2026

Orwell as Warning, Witness, and Writer

For Christmas this year I was given a number of books including The Diaries of George Orwell, edited by Peter Davison with an introduction by Christopher Hitchens. (So many books, so little time!)

The book is not a complete compilation of Orwell's diaries. Rather, it extracts portions thematically from the various periods of his life beginning with 1931, 1936 (Road to Wigan Pier), domestic life, 1939 Morocco diaries, events leading up to the war, war diaries and relevant excerpts from Orwell's notebooks. 

Essentially this compilation offers an intimate, unguarded view of Orwell’s daily life and moral temperament. Spanning illness, wartime London, farming, and political anxiety, the entries reveal a mind attentive to ordinary detail and ethical consequence. Davison’s editing strives to preserve Orwell’s voice while situating it historically, deepening our understanding of how lived experience shaped his essays, novels, and enduring political conscience.


I've often said, "If a man is worth knowing at all, he's worth knowing well." In my opinion Eric Blair, whom the world knows as George Orwell, was such a man. For this reason I'm looking forward to taking deeper look at the interior life of this keen observer of the world he lived in.


In the meantime, here are links to nine essays (blog posts) that I've written about this influential author.


George Orwell's "How the Poor Die": Exploring Themes of Inequality, Neglect and Other Grim Realities

https://pioneerproductions.blogspot.com/2024/09/george-orwells-how-poor-die-exploring.html


George Orwell on Wells, Hitler and "Patriotism vs. the World State"

https://pioneerproductions.blogspot.com/2021/07/george-orwell-on-wells-hitler-and.html


Orwell on Media Mischief

https://pioneerproductions.blogspot.com/2021/11/orwell-on-media-mischief.html


Orwell's Homage to Catalonia Is Instructive on Many Levels, Plus a Good Read

https://pioneerproductions.blogspot.com/2021/08/orwells-homage-to-catalonia-is.html


George Orwell on Wells, Hitler and "Patriotism vs. the World State"

https://pioneerproductions.blogspot.com/2021/07/george-orwell-on-wells-hitler-and.html


Did you Know George Orwell Took a Stand Against Paperbacks?

https://pioneerproductions.blogspot.com/2019/11/flashback-friday-did-you-know-george.html


Public Introspection: George Orwell's Why I Write

https://pioneerproductions.blogspot.com/2016/08/public-introspection-george-orwells-why.html


Shooting an Elephant

https://pioneerproductions.blogspot.com/2011/05/shooting-elephant.html


Excerpts from Orwell's The Road to Wigan Pier

https://pioneerproductions.blogspot.com/2023/09/excerpts-from-orwells-road-to-wigan-pier.html



Other noteworthy journals and diaries I have read include Thomas Mann and Andre Gide

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